Amid dramatic ocean swells and drenching atmospheric rivers, a new report lays bare a hidden aspect of sea level rise that has been exacerbating flooding in the Bay Area.

The report, which was released Tuesday, maps areas that could flood from groundwater hovering just a few feet, or even inches below ground. This layer of water gets pushed upward as denser water from the ocean moves inland from rising tides. On its way up, even before the water breaks the surface, it can seep into the cracks of basements, infiltrate plumbing, or, even more insidiously, re-mobilize toxic chemicals buried underground.

Communities that consider themselves “safe” from sea level rise might need to think otherwise, said Kris May, a lead author of the report and founder of Pathways Climate Institute, a research-based consulting firm in San Francisco that helps cities adapt to climate change.

“I started working on sea level rise, then I went into extreme precipitation, and then groundwater … but it’s all connected,” May said. She noted that hot spots where the soil is already saturated with rising groundwater were some of the first to flood when a recent series of atmospheric rivers dumped record rainfall onto California: “These huge storms really highlight the magnitude of the risk.”

The report unfortunately does not include all Bay Area counties. May said they expect to publish updated groundwater level data for Santa Clara and Contra Costa counties in about a year.

The new findings are the result of an unprecedented joint effort by May, the San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI), UC Berkeley and a wide-ranging team of regulators, building officials, and flood-control agencies to identify where the groundwater along the bay shoreline is close to, or already breaking, the surface. A set of searchable maps, available online to the public, zooms in on Alameda, Marin, San Francisco and San Mateo counties — the first of many jurisdictions that researchers hope will undergo this intensive data-refining process.

The maps build on a new but growing body of research. In 2020, another study led by the U.S. Geological Survey laid the groundwork for this issue along California’s 1,200-mile coast, and state toxic substances control officials have since started their own mapping efforts to better understand how rising groundwater might affect contaminated land.

Similar research into vulnerable communities in Southern California is now also being conducted by a team led by Cal State Long Beach and Cal State Northridge.

This emerging flood risk raises many tough questions, but the data so far make clear the need for urgent action.

“We really need to focus on where contaminants may be mobilized by rising groundwater, because that could have an immediate impact on a 6-year-old, or a pregnant woman, or someone who has extra vulnerability in their immune system,” said Kristina Hill, a UC Berkeley researcher who has been particularly concerned about underserved communities like Marin City and historically industrial areas like East Oakland, where much of the soil is contaminated. “This [remobilization] could be happening now while it’s wet outside.”

When talking about groundwater, there are two types to keep in mind: One, the kind researchers are now worried about, is the unconfined water that gathers in the pore spaces of soil very close to the surface. This is the water that runs off streets and soaks into the ground. The other type, confined in aquifers many hundreds of feet deep, is the water that we tap for drinking.

When the tide moves inland, the shallow freshwater tends to float on top of the denser saltwater — and gets pushed upward toward the surface as sea levels rise. Because the shallow groundwater is not consumed, few people have studied this layer of water in California.

Hill, who directs the Institute of Urban and Regional Development at UC Berkeley, first realized almost a decade ago that this shallow groundwater layer had been overlooked in sea level rise conversations. Together with May and Ellen Plane, who is now an environmental scientist at SFEI, she analyzed data from 10,000 wells across the Bay Area and concluded more than twice as much land could flood from groundwater as the ocean continued to rise.

Then, in a remarkable move to turn these first approximation studies into data that government agencies would actually use, the researchers called on the officials themselves to help fill in the data gaps. City and county staff tracked down geotechnical reports and other possibly useful records that had been archived in various (and often siloed) departments. They sifted through hundreds of PDFs and spreadsheets to compile all the underground data that had been gathered for construction permits and projects.

Public works staff then vetted the updated maps with their own observations — such as storm drains that back up during high tide and roads that tend to flood even when it’s not pouring.

Patterns emerged. Many of the communities most exposed to flooding were built along historical creeks or on top of filled-in wetlands. When you overlay 5.5 feet of sea level rise on the map, the water is projected to move back in to essentially every wetland area that has been filled.

Officials in San Francisco are already taking this data into account as they consider new building projects. Other cities and counties are starting to rethink their flood-protection options — a traditional levee or seawall, after all, would do nothing to stop the groundwater as it moves with the rising sea.

Ultimately, officials need to figure out what to do with all the contaminated sites along the bay that are still awaiting cleanup — or those that need to be further remediated, said Hill, who has been finalizing another set of maps that will show where, and in which direction, rising groundwater might remobilize harmful chemicals underground. The oft-used approach of “capping” a toxic waste site rather than actually removing the contamination from the soil, for example, may no longer be sufficient

Regulators at the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board have been following all this research with great interest and are already diving into the updated maps, said Assistant Executive Officer Lisa Horowitz McCann. The board recently ordered 16 bayfront landfills to account for groundwater rise in their long-term flood protection plans, and caseworkers are now going through hundreds of cases to figure out which sites need further action.

“This data further empowers — and actually legally supports — stronger actions that we can take,” Horowitz McCann said. “We’re looking at a bigger universe of cases now.”

Researchers hope to continue this mapping work for the rest of the Bay Area. Next up is Contra Costa County in the East Bay, where a number of historically contaminated sites are being considered for redevelopment along the industrialized shoreline of Richmond.

A lot more work also needs to be done to understand what the actual damage will look like for gas lines, septic systems, foundations and other buried infrastructure, said Patrick Barnard, whose research team at the U.S. Geological Survey has done extensive flood modeling that is used by officials across the state.

“We need to start merging this information with the engineering world,” he said.

“We built everything assuming the soil is dry… what does it mean to have it now be saturated all the time?”Barnard has also been studying what scientists are starting to call “compound extremes.”

What do we do when seawater is trying to push in during a high tide, at the same time our rivers and storm drains are trying to flush excess rainwater into the ocean, and the ground can’t absorb anything because the groundwater is also flooding?

“We looked at this in one case for the Napa River, and basically, your average annual winter storm could turn into the 100-year flood event if the ground is already saturated,” he said. “Add any amount of rain on top of it, even amounts that are not usually catastrophic … and they turn into catastrophic impacts.

”For Chris Choo, the planning manager for Marin County, helping the latest mapping effort has been eye-opening in more ways than one. She has spent years helping communities plan for climate change, and the challenges have only gotten more complicated the more each disaster seems to overwhelm the next.

“We went from drought, drought, drought and being really worried that we don’t have enough water, to suddenly, within two weeks, seeing the impacts of having way too much of it,” she said, noting not just the flooded roads that have kept her colleagues working around the clock, but also the powerful surf that ripped through much of California earlier this month and even split a pier in two.

“People still tend to think of these things as isolated terrible things, rather than as part of a collective shift … in what the future might hold,” she said. “We live in nature and too often think of ourselves as separate from it … but nature is still very much in charge.”

Staff writer John Woolfolk contributed to this report.

New rainfall totals show that no person alive has experienced a three-week period in the Bay Area as wet as these past 21 days. The last time it happened, Abraham Lincoln was president.

From Dec. 26 to Jan. 15, 17 inches of rain fell in downtown San Francisco. That’s the second-wettest three-week period at any time in San Francisco’s recorded history since daily records began in 1849 during the Gold Rush. And it’s more than five times the city’s historical average of 3.1 inches over the same time.

The only three-week period that was wetter in San Francisco — often used as the benchmark for Bay Area weather because it has the oldest records — came during the Civil War when a drowning 23.01 inches fell from Jan. 5 to Jan. 25, 1862, during a landmark winter that became known as “The Great Flood of 1862.”

“The rainfall numbers over the past three weeks just kept adding up. They became a blur,” said Jan Null, a meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services in Half Moon Bay, who compiled the totals. “We had a strong jet stream that was bringing in storms, one after another. It was hard along the way to separate the individual storms.”

So much rain fell since Christmas in Northern California that some cities, including Oakland, Stockton, Modesto and Livermore, already have reached their yearly average rainfall totals. In other words, if it didn’t rain another drop until October, they would still have a normal precipitation year.

The parade of soaking storms, which have caused flooding in the Central Valley, Salinas Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains, along with power outages, mudslides and at least 20 deaths statewide, left the Sierra Nevada with a statewide snowpack 251% of normal on Tuesday.

Light rain is expected Wednesday night, but otherwise forecasts call for dry conditions for much of the rest of January. River levels now are dropping.

“We’ve gotten so much water and so much snow,” said Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at UCLA. “It’s going to help us dry out and dig out heading into late January. It’s really good news because it takes off the trajectory toward worsening flooding.”

For a sense of how much worse it has been, consider the winter of 1861-62.

Between November 1861 and January 1862, it rained so much that the Central Valley became a vast inland sea, 30 feet deep, for 300 miles. Leland Stanford, who had been elected governor, took a rowboat through the streets of Sacramento to reach his inauguration.

Warm storms on a massive snowpack that winter caused immense flooding, wiping farms, mills, bridges and in some case whole towns off the map. An estimated 4,000 people died, roughly 1% of California’s population at the time, and more than the death toll in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.

Now, California has large dams and reservoirs that limit flooding in wet years. There also are thousands of miles of levees and pumps, weirs and other flood control projects that were not in place in the 1860s.

And despite the recent wet weeks, Northern California is nowhere near the final yearly rainfall total of 1861-62. San Francisco on Tuesday had 21.75 inches of rain since Oct. 1. That total would have to more than double in the coming months to reach the 49.27 inches that fell in 1861-62, or the 47.19 inches that fell in the second-wettest year in history, 1997-98.

Weather experts have become increasingly concerned that if another massive winter like 1861-62 hit — and tree rings and other historical records show they have occurred roughly every 100 to 200 years — millions of people could be trapped by floods, freeways could be shut for weeks, and the damage could reach into the hundreds of billions of dollars.

A study last summer by scientists at UCLA found that the chances of such a series of huge storms, while still remote, have roughly doubled due to climate change. Climate change has warmed ocean waters, allowing more moisture to be absorbed in atmospheric river storms.

Swain, a co-author of that study, said that climate change is already increasing the amount of moisture in such storms by about 5%, and that will climb as temperatures continue to warm.

Very wet winters are nothing new in California. Since July 1, San Francisco has had the fifth most rainfall on record. But all four of the wetter periods were in the 1800s.

“California has always had big storms like this,” said Park Williams, an associate professor of geography at UCLA, whose research has shown that droughts and wildfires are becoming more severe due to warming. “Climate change can make them more intense. But we might have had a year this wet whether or not we had climate change. And 1862 proves that.”

Climate activist Greta Thunberg has been detained by German police at a protest over the expansion of a coal mine in the west German village of Lützerath, CNN affiliate N-TV reports.

Thunberg joined thousands of other activists and protesters taking part in weekend demonstrations against the razing of the German village that would make way for an expansion of the Garzweiler lignite coal mine, which is owned by European energy giant RWE.

Once the eviction is complete, RWE plans to build a 1.5-kilometer perimeter fence around the village, sealing off the village’s buildings, streets and sewers before they are demolished.

The expansion of the coal mine is significant for climate activists. They argue that continuing to burn coal for energy will increase planet-warming emissions and violate the Paris Climate Agreement’s ambition to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Lignite is the most polluting type of coal, which itself is the most polluting fossil fuel.

Thunberg tweeted on Friday that she was in Lützerath to protest the expansion, and asked others to join.

Clashes between the activists and police have been ongoing this month, and photos from the protests have shown police wearing riot gear to remove the demonstrators. Some of the protesters have been in Lützerath for more than two years, CNN has previously reported, occupying the homes abandoned by former residents after they were evicted to make way for the mine.

More than 1,000 police officers have been involved in the eviction operation. Most of the village’s buildings have now been cleared and replaced with excavating machines.

For this point in the water year — which starts in October — the totals are around twice the average at many Bay Area spots. November was drier than normal, and December brought about double the average rainfall.

The totals below are from Dec. 1 to Jan. 16 at National Weather Service stations.

The site of the greatest reading, Uvas Canyon, is at 1,100 feet elevation near the Casa Loma fire station, about 2 miles east of Loma Prieta.

To the south, Mining Ridge, at 3,288 feet elevation in Big Sur, has recorded 84.16 inches from Dec. 1 to this week.

Read more: 35 key figures that sum up the atmospheric river blitz

Engineers and prisoners alike risked life and limb as they built the two-lane highway into the majestic coastal cliffs of the Santa Lucia mountains. The 18-year project eventually connected San Luis Obispo to Carmel via the seaside, where the geology makes the road inherently susceptible to landslides. The 1937 grand opening even included a symbolic blasting of a boulder, which the governor cleared from the road with a bulldozer. It was the first of many to come.

Now, incessant storms are causing landslide trouble on Highway 1. Again.

Multiple problems

A 45-mile section of Highway 1 extending from Deetjen’s Big Sur Inn in Monterey County to Ragged Point in San Obispo County is currently closed due to landslides, with no estimate on when it will reopen. And residents, businesses and Caltrans crews along the Big Sur coast are bracing for more geological activity as winter storms continue rolling in.

Closures like this along the Big Sur coast are not uncommon. Residents and businesses aren’t surprised when they are temporarily cut off from the world. Caltrans engineers know they must move mountains off the road. Repeatedly.

But nobody gives up on California’s crown jewel highway, which is recognized by the U.S. Department of Transportation as a National Scenic Byway. Laborers, who seem to be working continuously to repair damage and rebuild sections after landslides, are lauded as heroes, and locals host celebrations for reopenings.

‘Challenges and rewards’

“A ribbon of highway on the edge of the continent presents challenges — and rewards,” said Kevin Drabinski, the Caltrans District 5 public information officer.

“We make these closures for the safety of the traveling public. It’s an international travel destination, and, just as important, it’s home to communities and businesses. So we try and do the best we can to keep it open,” he said.

Landslides come with the geology of the area. “It’s old ocean floor stuff that makes up a lot of the California coast that’s been accreted or pushed up on the continent, so it’s been faulted and folded and distorted and weakened,” said Gary Griggs, a professor of Earth Sciences at UC Santa Cruz.

Landslides on Highway 1 usually happen during storms, when water hits soil, making the soil heavy, lubricated and more fluid. Gravity sends chunks of mobilized mountainside plunging from steep, sweeping cliffsides into the crashing waves below — or onto the highway.

Caltrans prepares for winter storms in the fall. Crews inspect and clean out culverts, which Drabinski describes as the “unsung heroes of Highway 1.” Some workers even rappel from the cliffs with picks and other tools in hand to dislodge loose rocks. Worker safety is always a priority.

The goal is to make the cliffs as stable as possible going into the winter. “We put special focus on areas that are downslope of the Dolan fire burn scar,” said Drabinski. Previously burned areas are especially prone to slides when the rains start.

The precarious road has been closed due to landslides dozens of times since it first opened in 1937. The road closed 55 times between 1937 and 2001, according to a 2001 report.

The worst event in that period was a 963-foot-high landslide in 1983 near Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park. The New York Times reported that it took 13 months, 30 bulldozers, 7,700 pounds of explosives, and $7.8 million to clear it, and one bulldozer operator lost his life in the process. When it reopened, residents threw a party with bands, balloons and a 52-foot-long carrot cake, according to the New York Times.

More recent winters have produced some of the worst — and most costly — landslides in the road’s history. Each time, Caltrans has been prepared and quick to respond.

In February 2017 a landslide displaced a damaged column of the Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge. Crews demolished and completely replaced the bridge with a new $21.7 million bridge designed to reduce its susceptibility to landslides. The new bridge was completed in October 2017 after an effort to design and construct a new bridge quickly that Jim Shivers, a Caltrans spokesperson, described in a 2017 article as ”remarkable.”

But the road remained closed to the south — in May that same year, a landslide had buried the highway near Mud Creek, just north of the Big Sur Lookout. The massive event, described in the national news by Executive Director of the Big Sur Chamber of Commerce Stan Russell, as “the mother of all landslides,” buried a quarter-mile section of the highway 40 feet deep. The road reopened 14 months — and $54 million — later.

In January 2021, the road itself collapsed into the sea leaving a steep and terrifying void where the mountainside used to be. But Caltrans took advantage of subsequent dry weather and restored the road faster than anticipated. It reopened in April 2021, nearly two months ahead of schedule and only three months after the initial event.

The repeated cycle of damage and repair seems tedious, but there aren’t many other options for a coastal highway built into the mountainside.

“I think it’s always going to be this Band-Aid approach,” said Griggs. “We fix it up and wait for the next one, but it’s a place where that’s the only choice.”

“We do put a lot of resources into maintaining Highway 1 on the Big Sur coast,” said Drabinski. “It’s prompted out of service to the residents and businesses of the Big Sur community and to the travelers who return there because of its natural wonder.”

Normally response crews can approach Paul’s Slide, one of the current trouble spots, from the south. “When the highway is open, we just shoot up from Cambria, go right up the road past Ragged Point and deliver the goods,” he said. But with the southern closure, everything has to detour and enter from the north.

Drabinski said it’s “certainly likely” that conditions will worsen if the rains continue.

Caltrans said in the press release that they “will continue to take advantage of any break in inclement weather to assess road conditions and provide access as long as the conditions are favorable for public travel.”

When Highway 1 does open again, “the best way to view the scenic wonders of the Monterey coast is to park one’s car frequently and to enjoy the views at leisure,” according to a 1937 article in the Monterey Peninsula Herald. “Fortunately the great slides that have taken place during construction have resulted in scores of wide parking spaces, nearly all of them at points where the vistas are the most remarkable.”

A Southern California man has recounted his near-death experience after he narrowly avoided being crushed by a boulder in his car.

Mauricio Henao was sitting in the driver’s seat of his parked car in Malibu, California, on Tuesday when he received a phone call. He left the car to take the call — and then heard the sounds of massive rocks tumbling down the hillside.

“I just heard loud crashes,” said Henao, according to CNN affiliate KTLA. “And I ran out and saw my car just crushed.”

Dramatic photos show Henao’s Prius with the roof caved in by the four-foot boulder.

“The rock is the size of the whole hood,” Henao said. “The windshields are all broken and the frame of the car is just all twisted.”

Debris from the hillside fell across four lanes of traffic, according to KTLA. While no one was injured, several other cars were also damaged by rocks falling down the hillside.

Henao told KTLA that the terrifying incident along the Pacific Coast Highway left him feeling distraught.

The rockslide came after a historic storm hit California earlier this week. The fatal storm left millions under flood watches, toppled trees and flooded roadways.

The state is expecting more extreme weather this weekend, with over 25 million people under flood watches along California’s central coastline and the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.

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Let me fill you in on what the state Legislature accomplished. We set new, ambitious goals to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and made climate-friendly solutions more affordable so every Californian can be a part of the fight against climate change.

First, the Legislature put its money where its mouth is. Last year’s state budget committed nearly $54 billion over the next five years to fight climate change. There is money to accelerate investments in zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to make cars, trucks and buses more affordable, make the state’s electricity grid more reliable, help prevent wildfires and mitigate the impact of the state’s historic drought – and so much more.

Gov. Gavin Newsom’s new budget proposes to reduce some of this funding, but it still maintains $48 billion, or 89%, of these investments. As the new chair of the budget subcommittee that oversees energy and natural resources, I will fight to preserve and increase as many of these investments as possible.

California also refined and set major new goals. The landmark AB 1279 (Muratsuchi) creates a legally binding target to achieve net zero emissions by 2045 in all of California. My SB 1203, better known as “California Zero,” requires the state to develop a plan for getting its 24,000 buildings and structures, vehicle fleet, and electricity usage to net zero GHG emissions by 2035.

We’re pushing for more and better electrical vehicle charging stations. The budget set aside over $600 million over the next several years to build out the state’s charging infrastructure and AB 2061 (Ting) requires the state to set standards to ensure drivers are getting what they pay for.

Thousands of more Californians will be able to have climate-friendly homes because of work at the state and federal level. Heat pumps that provide GHG-free heating and air conditioning, electric hot water heaters and other home appliances that replace their natural gas counterparts will reduce our carbon footprint. My SB 1112 will let many people pay for these  climate-friendly improvements and others via an interest-free payment on their monthly utility bill, similar to how many people pay for their mobile phone as part of their monthly phone bill.

The plastic waste crisis has been well-documented and last year, the Legislature passed and the governor signed the most comprehensive measure in the nation to help tackle it. SB 54 (Allen) sets ambitious environmental mandates to ensure single-use plastic packaging and plastic food-related items can be recycled or composted within 10 years. It also calls for a 25% cut in the amount of plastic-covered material sold in California.

Finally, the governor issued an executive order pledging California will conserve 30% of the state’s land and waters by 2030 – better known as “30-by-30.” Given studies showing conservation efforts could soak up a significant amount of the carbon dioxide that has built up over the past 175 years, it’s clear efforts like “30 by 30” will play a major role in our battle against climate change.

The progress we made battling climate change in 2022 was indeed historic and will provide other states and countries with a model on how to best fight climate change. But we have so much more work to do. We need to be just as productive for years to come if we are going to win this fight. I truly believe California is up to the challenge.

Josh Becker D-San Mateo, represents District 13 in the California Senate. He is chair of the Senate Budget Subcommittee on Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy.

In a statement Monday, the White House said the president will visit with first responders, state and local officials, and communities impacted by the recent extreme weather; survey recovery efforts; and assess what additional federal aid is needed.

California has been hit by nine atmospheric rivers since Christmas. Across the state, the storms have killed at least 20 people and caused at least $1 billion in damage.

Biden on Saturday declared that a major disaster exists in California and ordered federal aid to supplement state, tribal and local recovery efforts in the areas affected by severe winter storms, flooding, landslides and mudslides beginning on Dec. 27 and continuing.

Funding is now available to residents of Santa Cruz, Sacramento and Merced counties.

In a separate statement, the White House said assistance can include grants for temporary housing and home repairs, low-cost loans to cover uninsured property losses and other programs to help people and businesses recover from the effects of the disaster.

Check back for updates.

After weeks of rain, one last storm Sunday night had residents waking up to more floods and mudslides Monday morning.

Ryan Orosco found himself in 3-foot-deep floodwaters at his mobile home along Bixler Road in Bryon shortly after daybreak. He carried his wife and young son separately out of the home. Thanks to the home standing on a raised platform, none of the water managed to make it inside. However, 3 to 4 inches of water seeped inside his parents’ home next door.

“It’s really stressful to deal with it,” said Orosco, 35. “It just baffles me how much water came down.”

In Berkeley, a mudslide slammed into Marjorie Cruz’s home on Middlefield Road about 6:30 a.m. Authorities issued mandatory evacuation orders to more than a half-dozen properties in the area.

“It’s completely shocking – I don’t have words to describe what I’m looking at,” she said. “Who expects to wake up in the morning and see an entire hillside in their dining room?”

For now, however, evacuees and weathered residents across Northern California can refocus on clearing the mounds of dirt and detritus thrust into their homes and draining lingering rainwater as the National Weather Service lifts flood advisories and the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the state’s Office of Emergency Services deploy aid.

Scroll down for photos, then click here to read the rest of our coverage.

With dry weather forecast for most of the next week, here’s a tally of the storms’ stunning impact, so far, by the numbers:

9: Number of atmospheric river storms to hit California in the past three weeks.

20: Number of confirmed fatalities, as of Monday, from California storms since Christmas.12: Number of confirmed fatalities in California wildfires in 2021 and 2022.

41: Number of California’s 58 counties under federal emergency declaration.3: Number under major disaster declaration (Santa Cruz, Merced, Sacramento).

24.5 trillion: Estimated gallons of water that fell on California from Dec. 26 to Jan. 11.16: Number of times that amount of water could fill California’s largest reservoir, Shasta Lake.

17: Inches of rain measured in downtown San Francisco since Dec. 26.3: Historical average in inches of rain that falls in downtown San Francisco over same time.

3: Number of times the San Lorenzo River hit major flood stage since Dec. 27, prompting evacuations and flooding neighborhoods.

40: Size of the hole, in feet, torn in the historic Capitola Wharf during the storms.

62: Miles of Highway 1 in Big Sur that remained closed Monday due to landslides.

1.19 million: Gallons of water flowing every second through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta on Friday.1.12 million: Gallons flowing every second down the Columbia River, the largest river on the West Coast, on Friday.54,712: Gallons flowing every second through the Delta on Dec. 1.

27: Feet of snow that have fallen at the UC snow lab at Donner Summit since Nov. 1.12: Feet of snow that fell on average from 1991-2020 at the lab over the same time.

247: Percent of historic average for statewide Sierra Nevada snowpack, on Monday.106: Percent of historic average for statewide Sierra Nevada snowpack on Dec. 1.

1,046: Bay Area lightning strikes on Jan. 14-15, including one that hit the Golden Gate Bridge.

500+: Number of landslides statewide caused by storms, since New Year’s Eve, according to the California Geological Survey.

34 million: Number of Californians — 90% of state population — under flood watch Monday Jan. 9.

143: Percent of normal rainfall since Oct. 1 in San Jose through Monday afternoon.196: Percent in San Francisco.219: Percent in Los Angeles.229: Percent in Oakland.424: Percent in Bishop in the Eastern Sierra.

100: Percent full for all seven reservoirs operated by Marin Municipal Water District.86: Percent full for all seven reservoirs operated by East Bay MUD.56: Percent full for all 10 reservoirs operated by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (Anderson, the largest, had to be drained for earthquake repairs).

33: Percent full for Lexington Reservoir near Los Gatos on Dec. 1.100: Percent full for Lexington Reservoir on Monday.

46: Percent on Thursday of California in “severe drought,” according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.85: Percent on Dec. 1 of California in “severe drought.”

0: Number of major storms forecast for the next week.